Dissertation | Note-Thinking Fast and Slow

Laziness is built deep into our nature.

Good and Bad

• Gottman estimated that a stable relationship requires that good interactions outnumber bad interactions by at least 5:1
• In many situations, however, the boundary between good and bad is a reference point that changes over time and depends on the immediate circumstances.

System 2

• Allocates attention to the effortful mental activities that demand it, including complex computations.associated with the subjective experience of agency, choice and concentration.
• When mental overload, the responses will be selective and precise. i.e. To protect the most important activity. Reason of this, its the need to survive. As becoming skilled in a task, the demand for effort will diminish.
  • What make some cognitive operations more demanding and effortful than others?
  • What outcomes must we purchase in the currency of attention?
  • What can S2 do that S1 cannot?
• In general, Following the rule, compare objects on several attributes, and make deliberate choices between options.
• Uncertainty and doubt are the domain of system2 80
• Crucial capability of S2 is the adoption of ‘task sets’: it can program memory to obey an instruction that override habitual response.

• Switching from one task to another is effortful, especially with time pressure.

  I.e. modern working memory test, switch repeatedly between two demanding tasks, retaining the results of one operation wile performance the other.

• 📌 We over long distance by taking our time and conduct our mental lives by the law of least effort.

• Uncertainty and doubt are the domain of S2 80
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  System 1

• Operate automatically and quickly, with little or no effort and no sense of voluntary control.
• Detecting simple relations and excels at integrating information about one thing
• ✕ not deal with multiple distinct topics at once, nor is it adept at using purely statistical information.
• The main function of S1 is to maintain and update a model of your personal world, which represents what is normal in it. 71
• The model is constructed by associations that link ideas of circumstance, events, actions and outcomes that co-occur with some regularity, either ate the same time or within a relatively short interval (past). The pattern of associated ideas comes to represent the structure of event in your life and it determines your interpretation of the present (now) also your expectation of the future.

the past (memory ) construct the model of S1 which determines the interpretation of the present and expectation of the future.

• People are prone to apply causal thinking inappropriately to situation that require statistical reasoning. Statistical thinking derives conclusions about individual cases from properties of categories and ensembles. S1 do not have the capability for this mode of reasoning. S2 can learn to think statistically but few people receive the necessary training.77
• The instance reaction of S1 toward wording leading to different associations in mind.81
• Its so important to understand the limitation of intuitive thinking, and come up so often in this book: WYSIATI(wha you see is all there is) System1 is radically insensitive to both quality and the quantity of the information that fives rise to impression and intuitions.86
  • overconfidence
  • Framing effects: different way of presenting the same information often evoke different emotions.
  • Base-rate reflect

Flow

The psychologist Csikszentmihalyi defines the term flow that refers to ‘’a state of effortless concentration so deep that losing the sense of time’’, also named as ‘optimal experience’.

Interaction

• The example of gorilla: we can be blind to the obvious and we also blind to our blindness.24
• Good at what it does: its models of familiar situations are accurate, its short-term predictions are usually accurate . And its initial reactions to challenges are swift and generally appropriate. The biases of S1, systematic errors in specified circumstances, cannot turn off.25
• Compromise is the best way: learn to recognise situations in which mistakes are likely and try harder to avoid significant mistakes when the stakes are high.28
• S1 run automatically and S2 is normally in comfortable low-effort model, in which only a fraction of its capacity is engaged. 37
  -S1 continuously generates suggestions for S2: impressions and intuitions, intentions and feelings.24
• If endorsed by S2, these will turn into beliefs and impulses turn into voluntary actions.
• When all go smoothly, which most time, S2 adopts the suggestions of S1 with little or no modification. People regularly believe their impressions and act on their desires.

Associated conference

• Constructed by principles of association : resemblance(physical attributes of itself), contiguity in time and place(connection or relationship in the circumstance), causality(storytelling).
• Simple common gestures can also unconsciously influence our thoughts and feelings or the other way around. 54
• The idea of money prime individualism: a reluctance to be involved with others, to depend on others, or to accept demands from others.
  • Living in a culture that surrounds us with reminders of money may shape our behaviour and our attitudes in ways that we do not know about and of which we may not be proud.
  • Reminder of leader can lead to an actual reduction in spontaneous thought and independent action.
  • Reminder of death lead to the authoritarian ideas
• The sight of all these people in uniforms does not prime creativity
• Thery were primed to find flaws, and this is ecactly what they found.
• S1 construct story S2 believe that is what happen to us

Creativity

• When people in good mood: intuition, creativity, gullibility and increased reliance on S1. But will lead to losses the control of over performance of S2. I.e. More intuitive and more creative, but less vigilant and more prone to logical errors.
• Cognition ease: S2 will more lazy when mood are positive. I.e. Doing the examine with very positive mood may lead to the negative result.
• Creativity is associated with memory that works exceptionally well.67

📌 Peak-end rule & duration neglect 380

• Peak-end rule: The global retrospective rating was well predicted by the average of the level of pain reported at the - worst moment of the experience and the end.
• Duration Neglect: the duration of the procedure had no effect whatsoever on the ratings of total pain.
• The experiencing self: does it hurt at the moment?
• The remember self: How was it not he whole? (Memories are all we get from our experience of living, and the only perspective that we can adopt as we think about our lives is therefore that of the remember self.)
• The experiencing self do not have a voice, but the remember self is the one that keeps score and governs what we learn from living and its the one that makes decisions.
• What we learn from the past is to maximise the qualities of our future memories not necessarily of our future experience.

highlight points

• Exposure Effect 66
• Surprise reflect expectation 72